Mars chocolate supply chain process Essay Example for Free

deflower chocolate affix chain process EssayThe chocolate supply chain involves everyone who plays a part in producing chocolate,from local governments to international certification organizations and multi-national manufacturers. To achieve sucess, all of these players must collaborate effectively and prioritize farmer benefit at origin over free-enterprise(a) advantage. By putting farmers first and training them , Mars is aiming to strengthen its supply chain as a whole and to move towards a more sustainable drinking chocolate economy. Most of the cocoa imported by MARS is grown by individual cocoa farmers and their families on plots smallerthan five acres (two hectares) in rural parts of West Africa, Asia and the America. Local buyers in these countries collect cocoa beans from many farmers, either after harvest or after they have been dry or fermented. Exporters then buy cocoa beans from a network of the local buyers and prepare them for international shipping and proc essing to Mars factories . The exporter can be a local marketing phoner, a global commodity trader, an international agricultural business, a cocoa processor or a government In Africa, Mars has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Ivorian government for long-term collaboration and investment in cocoa.It is also working come togetherly with the Ghana Cocoa jump on (COCOBOD), the Brazilian National Research Center (CEPLAC) and the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture to obtain better quality for chocolate manufacturing. Mars is the first global chocolate follow to commit to sourcing all of their cocoa from certified sources by 2020. In 2011, they purchased 10% of their cocoa from certified sources, and in 2012 exceeded it to 20 percent and become the worlds largest user of certified cocoa. They currently buy cocoa certified by the Rainforest Alliance, UTZ Certified and Fairtrade.While consumer choices determine demand throughout the cocoa market, it is the manufacturer that meets this demand directly and so sets standards that affect the whole supply chain. Having such an influential role means manufacturers have a duty to ensure that the supply chain supporting their products operates in a responsible and sustainable way. Although Mars cannot have direct relationships with every individual farmer, by choosing to use certified cocoa in their products, the company aims to enable industry-wide improvements in productivity, incomes and sustainability.When the cocoa beans arrive at the factory they are processed into the cocoa products that can be used in manufacturing chocolate. These include cocoa liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder. Most processing occurs away from the countries where cocoa is grown because it is more efficient to process and manufacture the products close to where they will be consumed.. What happens during processing has a direct effect on the flavor and qualities of the resulting chocolate. The taste and texture of a particular ch ocolate product depends on the each recipie , which remains a guarded secret of the company.Mars uses different types and proportions of cocoa liquor, cocoa butter and other ingredients such as milk and popsicle to make their products agreeable with the brand. They use a mix of beet and cane sugar in our chocolate and confectionery products and source most of it within the part in which it will be used. For several years, they have worked closely with direct suppliers to ensure our sugar is responsibly sourced, while maintaining the highest levels of quality . They need a consistent and high-quality supply of peanuts for some of our most popular products, including SNICKERS and MMS.Jointly funding the U. S. Peanut Resources and Efficiency Measures Report conducted by the independent research slopped IHS Global Insight, which found major potential improvements in farming practices among U. S. peanut farmers as they are its major suppliers . Dairy ingredients are a critical desti ny of many of our milk chocolate and caramel brands . These are obtained by collaborating with other consumer brand companies and suppliers throughout the local markets that comply with the companys supplier code of conduct . The correct chocolate product is then packaged.The packaging is made in the factory usuing materials such as metal , paper and plastics which is purchased locally. Their strategy is to reduce, recycle and rethink our packaging. This is not easy, as alternative materials that appear more sustainable in one respect often have a greater impact elsewhere. They use lifecycle sound judgment to ensure that they do not make progress in one area, only to undermine it somewhere else . For packaging they also work with suppliers, universities, other industries and right partners to share learning and innovation.In Australia, Wrigley committed to the National Packaging Covenant in 2005, and has signed the updated Australian Packaging Covenant . The ideal product is via the company owned transport local distributors. The distributors can be individuals , a private enterprise or the government which transport the chocolate to local stores and marts and also to exporters of the finished products . As one of the leading food manufacturers in the world, Mars has a significant international presence in more than 73 countries.

Time Management Essay Example for Free

Time Management EssayOne of the most measurable aspects of completing an education course is the amount of clipping spent on your course field of study. The better you are at square offting aside regular study fourth dimension and keeping to a schedule, the more than successful youll be in completing your course work with a satisfactory grade. Completion wont happen if you are a procrastinator So, take a few moments before starting your course to think nigh your schedule. Be realistic. If you find yourself go behind, reevaluate your priorities and make adjustments where needed. Here are some additional things to think aboutSet aside dedicated study time (maybe in 1/2 hour chunks) and let nothing interrupt this time. Break assignments into small tasks that usher out be accomplished in given time periods. Determine what time of day is your best. Tackle the more difficult tasks during this time of day to take advantage of your greatest concentration and attention level. Es tablish one or more quiet, comfortable study areas where you have easy access to all necessary materials. Make your selection based on acceptable noise levels, light level, study-conducive piece of furniture (chair and/or desk or study table), and minimal distractions.Keep in mind the time it takes to travel between home, school, work, and your selected study spot. If your instructor has not provided course deadlines, set them yourself and stick with them. If you start falling behind, set aside more time to catch up. Dont put off completing your coursework to the end of your registration period. Do not let a problem or lack of understanding hold you up set it aside for a short time so you can come back to it with fresh eyes. If you still dont get it ask for help from your instructor or from other students in the class.If this is the first distance course youve taken, you may soon see how easy it is to fall behind your intended schedule. By setting mid-course targets that are rea listic and obtainable, you can complete the course successfully and count distance t individuallying as another accomplishment The institution will maintain an schoolman environment in which freedom to teach, conduct research, learn and administer the university is protected. Students will benefit from this environment by accepting responsibility for their role in the academic community.The principles of the student principle are designed to encourage communication, foster academic integrity and defend freedoms of inquiry, discussion and expression across the university community. Institution requires students to conduct themselves honestly and responsibly, and to respect the rights of others. turn out that unreasonably interferes with the learning environment or violates the rights of others is prohibited. Students and student presidencys are responsible for ensuring that they and their guests be with the code while on property owned or controlled by the university or at acti vities authorized by the university.The university may initiate disciplinary action and impose disciplinary sanctions against any student or student organization found responsible for committing, attempting to commit or intentionally assisting in the commission of any of the following prohibited forms of conduct * cheating, plagiarism or other forms of academic dishonesty * forgery, falsification, alteration or misuse of documents, funds or property * damage or destruction of property * theft of property or work * harassment * endangerment, assault or infliction of physical harm * disruptive or obstructive actions* misuse of firearms, explosives, weapons, dangerous devices or dangerous chemicals * failure to comply with university directives * misuse of alcohol or other intoxicants or drugs * violation of published university policies, regulations, rules or procedures * any other actions that result in unreasonable interference with the learning environment or the rights of others. This list is not intended to define prohibited conduct in exhaustive terms, but rather offers examples as guidelines for acceptable and unaccepted behavior. Honesty is a primary responsibility of you and every other UAF student.The following are common guidelines regarding academic integrity 1. Students will not collaborate on any quizzes, in-class exams, or take-home exams that contribute to their grade in a course, unless the course instructor grants permission. Only those materials permitted by the instructor may be utilise to assist in quizzes and examinations. 2. Students will not represent the work of others as their own. A student will attribute the source of information not superior with himself or herself (direct quotes or paraphrases) in compositions, theses, and other reports.No work submitted for one course may be submitted for credit in another course without the definitive approval of both instructors. Alleged violations of the Code of Conduct will be reviewed in accordance with procedures specified in regents policy, university regulations and UAF rules and procedures. For additional information and details about the Student Code of Conduct, contact the dean of student affairs, visit www. alaska. edu/bor/ or refer to the student handbook that is printed in the back of the class schedule for each semester. Students are encouraged to review the entire code.

Enigma and Lorenz Machines Their Contribution to Computing

problem and Lorenz Machines Their Contribution to ComputingThe purpose of this report is to understand the works of cryptography by studying the working of conun membranophone and Lorentz motorcars which were utilize by Germans during World fight II. The report go forth also discuss the effect of the invention of this apparatuss on advanced day cryptography. cryptography has been hel d have gotslopeg humans to transmit information in secured way but the popularity of cryptography was limited to certain individuals and it was non use widely. During World fight II the demand of cryptography growingd which resulted in invention of Lorentz and paradox railcar by Germans. The encrypted information was important to Britains to gain an edge over the Germans war strategies, indeed a research center was constructed in Britains to de ordinance the encoded information. The report discusses the working of Enigma and Lorentz forge and the various methods adopted by Britains to d ecode the encoded information.The report will conclude by studying the effect of the creation of the encrypting and decrypting appliances on the modern-day computing.Cryptography play an important role in humans daily interaction with technological devices, with the advent of computing devices and internet it has become extremely important to hide private information. We frequently wonder how we can transfer m stary with internet or by using ATM cards. The sensitive personal information such as bank details ar transferred securely through internet which is avail able to everyone. This paper tracks the events which contributed to the development of modern day cryptography and discusses the development in the field of secret writing.Cryptography is the science of in secret transferring information from one point to another so that the information is reliably transferred from one point to another, which is unintelligible to all recipient role of information except the intende d user. The aim of the cryptography is to prevent eavesdroppers from understanding the message. (A. Eskicioglu and L. Litwin, 2001)The human want of secrecy of information has resulted in the invention of cryptography. Ciphers were created to hide personal information. The need to securely transmit information has increase with the advent of modern communication. Confidential information such as Business plan, financial transaction which are send over internet needs to be transferred in a secured way. Since, internet is available to everyone it important to encrypt the information which is being transferred (Zwicke, 2003).The basic working of encryption can be divided into iii partsEncryptionCryptography works by modifies the original information (termed plain school text in cryptography) which is in readable form to encrypted form (termed inscribetext in cryptography) which is not soft interpreted by unauthorized person. The encryption process scrambles the plaintext by combinin g it with a key which is a random sequence of letter or numbers and produces goose eggtext.TransmissionOnce the information is encrypted it is transferred to the intended user by various methods. For example, it could be transferred by writing it on paper or can be send via complicated modern wireless system.DecryptionAfter the information is received by the intended person the person tries to decode the information with a key. The key is unique and usually only the receiver has the key to decode the information (An introduction to cryptography, n.d.).3.1 Stream cipherStream cipher is an encryption algorithm which encrypts one bit of selective information in one cycle of its operation. The stream cipher uses infinite stream of pseudorandom bits of key to encrypt the plaintext. The rigor of the stream cipher depends on the algorithm which is used to produce the key. Since, repetition in the key can cause the stream cipher to be easily predicted and the encrypted text could be easil y decrypted (Villanueva, 2015).The working of the stream cipher is explained belowAs discussed above encryption works by combining the plain text Xi with key Si to produce ciphertext Ci . The combining process uses modulo 2 operation which is the modulus amongst the bits of the plaintext and ciphertext. We can denote this mathematically as Ci = Xi SiTo decrypt the message the same key stream is used which was used for encrypting the message.Mathematically this can be stated as Xi = Ci Si (C. Paar, J. Pelzl)The diagram below summarizes the entire processFigure 1 Encryption and decryption with stream cipher. Reprinted from Understanding cryptography, by C. Paar, J. Pelzl, (n.d.), Retrieved from http//bit.ly/2mEit9i Copyright by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010Enigma appliance eliminated the human effort of encryption by automating the process of encryption. The use of enigma machine during World War II was done to secretly transmit the classified information to remote arr ay units.The enigma was electro-mechanical machine which encoded the tone stream to cypher text. The simplest version of the enigma machine had three motors which are interconnected with each(prenominal) other. It also has a plug board which is a board to interconnect letters to improve the encryption of the enigma machine. A keyboard was used to input the characters to be encoded by the machine. A lessen board was used to display the encrypted letter of the plaintext character.Figure 2 Enigma How the machine worked. Reprinted from The guardian website, by Hern, Alex, (2014, Nov 14), Retrieved from https//www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/14/how-did-enigma-machine-work-imitation-game Copyright Simon Singh.4.1WorkingThe working of enigma machine was simple. When the promoter types the letter on keyboard electric presage is generated. The signal then passes through the plug board which substitutes the letter per the connection of the plug board. The signal then passes thro ugh the three rotors with internal wiring. This is where the actual encryption takes places. As mentioned above each motor make ups of 26 steps of rotation before making one complete cycle. The arrangement of the three motors was such that when the first motor completes a panoptic rotation the second motor would move by one step. The same step is applicable for third motor.After passing through the connection of motors the signal is then reflected and again passes thorough the plug board. After passing through the plug board the signal lights up the appropriate letter on the light board providing the encrypted letter of the plain text character.The Lorentz machine was essential by C. Lorentz in Berlin. In 1940s Germans saw the need to establish secured communication surrounded by German high command in Wnsdorf close to berlin and German army throughout Europe. With the invention of mechanical machine and electronic boards it became possible to material body a machine capable o f encrypting the message which was send to remote army. The Lorenz machine was used for sending tactical information (Smart, n.d.).Lorentz machine uses Lorentz cipher which was based on Baudot code. Lets discuss about the working of Baudot code.Baudot CodeIt used quin bit of data to encode characters. Baudot code was a standard means of communication via teleprinter. Since five bits were insufficient to represent all the characters on the keyboard. Hence the code was divided into twain states called letter shifts and figures shifts. To toggle between the two states a control character was used, there were other characters which had special functions such as space.To understand the working of Baudot code lets take an example of encrypting the word Hello. The first step is to fill the stem tape with holes and insert the paper tape into telegraph to send the message. To punch holes in the paper tape the patch of the holes needs to be determined which was obtained from the Baudot c ode table. These holes were converted to bits and then transferred by teleprinter.Figure 3 The Baudot printing telegraphy system. instant Edition. Reprinted from Circuitousroot website, by Pendry, H, W. (1919) Retrieved from http//www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/telegraphy/tty/codes/5.1 Lorenz CipherThe Baudot code is taken as input by the Lorenz cipher. The Lorenz cipher consisted of 12 motors which are separated into 3 pairs. Each motor had antithetic number of pins on it as shown in figure belowFigure 4 An Enigma machine rotor. Reprinted from Plus magazine website, by Ellis Claire. (2005, Mar 1). Picture retrieved from https//plus.maths.org/content/exploring-enigma Copyright by Simon SinghEach pin could store either 0 or 1 based on the configuration of the machine. The configuration of the machine (setting the starting position of each motor) was performed by the operator of the machine and the same configuration of the machine was used at the receiving end to decrypt the mes sage.The Lorentz machine was divided into three pairs of motors as shown belowFigure 5 The internal working of the Lorentz cipher machine. Reprinted from the Rochester institute website, by Payne, Japnce. (n.d.), Retrieved from https//people.rit.edu/japnce/payne/images/rotorsall.pngThe three pair of motors are termed as K, M, and S. The description of each pair of motors is discussed belowK motors These consist of 5 motors with next pin configuration K1=41, K2=31, K3=29, K4=26, K5=23. This set of motors shift by one pin for every character which was encoded.M motors These consist of 2 motors with following pin configuration M1=61, M2=37.This set of motors shift by one pin for every character which was encoded. Further the output of the M motors decided whether the S motors should be rotated by one pin or should remain unchanged.S motors These consist of 5 motors with following pin configuration S1=43, S2=47, S3=51, S4=53, S5=59. This set of motors shift by one pin based on the out put of M motors.WorkingThe 5 bits of the characters are first X-OR with the 5 bits of K motor. The output is then again X-OR with the 5 bits of S motors to get the cypher text. At the receiving end since the Lorentz cipher is a symmetric cipher, the same configuration is used to set up the Lorentz machine at receiving end and the encrypted message is decrypted.The mathematical formula of the encryption and decryption process is as followsSuppose Message = M, Cipher text = C, Cypher = EM E = C (Encryption)C E = M (Decryption) (Smart, n.d.)Most of the technology that was in existence during World War II was like that which was used in World War I. The telegraph, which was type-printed using a typewriter was widely used commercially and by military personnel. In the late 1800s an Italian scientist, Guglielmo Marconi discovered the wireless communication. However, it wasnt until the early 1900s that this technology was adopted for military purposes. It was the year 1914 and most majo r military powers of the world has started relying extensively on this technology but there was a problem there were no security mechanisms in place for a wireless signal to hide the messages being transmitted. The U.S. soon used a more than sophisticated version of this technology as soon as Frequency Modulation was invented in 1920.Figure 6 Soldier during World War II using telegraphic switchboardAnother important element of communication technology invented before and during the World War II was the RADAR technology. Developed by the U.S. navy for military use, these were signals sent in the microwave wavelength. It was an entirely new way of surveillance that enabled the allies to see in total darkness and make up ones mind out about enemy ships in the distant sea or air. Radar used small-short signals that were sent into a direction using an antenna. This would return the position and speed of an object which would serve as a critical early warning tool.Radar navigation imp lementation by the German bombers meant that the previous tactics of indiscriminate, area-based bombing was now replaced by more accurate precision targeting. Then there were the German fire control radars, Lichtenstein SN2 was mounted on top of airplanes and had an trenchant range of 2.5 miles.A methodology that had been in existence for a quite a while but was found of prime use during the World War II was Cryptography. Cryptography emerged as the saving grace to answer all questions about the immense need of secrecy. Cryptography had been in existence for over a thousand years but it wasnt until the early 19th century that mathematicians came together to instal a machine that would be used for a very special(prenominal) purpose send messages during times of war. During this period, Cypher machines were developed under extreme secrecy. These machines were of the mechanical and electromechanical kind. Out of the two, the later were developed by Germans into what they called th e Enigma machineAllies and enemies developed and adopted the use of cryptographic communications of all sorts during this period. While Germans were focusing on techniques to build machines for encryption, the UK was busy trying to perform cryptanalysis on these machines. Numerous machines came out of Germany that used cryptography in its own unique way. FISH, as the UKs Bletchley putting green codenamed them, were a series of German stream ciphers developed during the World War II era. The enigma in the early 1920s which was of the electro-mechanical sort that used a keyboard, rotors and a spindle to do the tricks. Another machine known as the Lorenz cipher was simultaneously developed as a form was a rotor stream cipher and started its use in military since 1941 in a SZ form. The tunny cipher as it was called was used for wireless telegraphy which eventually and unfortunately for the Germans, quite soon led to the interception of its messages.Poland came up with its own cryptogra phic machine called Bomba, which meant cryptographic bomb in Polish. While there is less information available about why it was named so, Bomba was a glorified Enigma machine in more ways than one. It was developed after the mathematician and its creator, Marian Rejewski studied by break outing apart an Enigma. Put simply, it was a multiple Enigma machine that used an electrical power aggregate of six Enigmas. Most countries like Poland, United States and the UK devoted their time and resources in cryptanalysis of these machines.Bletchley Park in England was extremely instrumental in bringing about a new era with the cryptanalysis or code breaking of messages that were being transmitted by the Germans during the World War II. The Lorenz machine was a stream cipher that encoded/streamed electrical pulses over a telephone line. The technique used was something we call XOR today which is an adjunct operation. A key property of XOR is that if one was to run the Ciphertext through the same key again, the original message could be found. The exploitation of this very concept of the Lorenz cipher led to its success cryptanalysis.One day after a 4000-letter message was sent out to Vienna, the sender who encodes the message received a response from the receiver asking to resend the message since they had not received the message. The sender reset the Lorenz machine and started to abbreviate a few words to make the process quicker. At this time, Bletchley Park had two copies of the same message and the prime mistake was that both were sent using the same key. The folks at Bletchley park were not just nifty mathematicians, but they also had an exceptional sense of awareness. They proceeded to add the two messages together, essentially cancelling out the keys. They were now left with two messages added together and then John Tiltman, an inhabit code breaker who not just able to figure out the message, but also figured out the key.John Tiltman gave this key to Bill Tut te, a young graduate from Cambridge who liked solving puzzles. He was able to out the length of the key by writing it down in rows with the aim to scratch out patterns. Bill Tutte found that the pattern of the wheel on the right had a period of 41. However, the pattern was not perfect and had an element of randomness which suggested that a wheel on the left was used that moved only sometimes. This information was enough for other mathematicians to jump onboard and fully figure out the Lorenz machine.The Enigma on the other hand had multiple variations in the structure of the machine throughout its useful life to be cracked at one go. The earlier versions of the Enigma were using a 3-rotor structure which was used as the main subject by the Polish Cipher Bureau. Marian Rejewski who worked for the bureau made significant developments in breaking the Enigma, without having much access to any of the official information about its inner workings.Rejewski developed a bomba machine in the process, this cryptanalysis machine was build using the observations Rejewski gathered that showed that the first three letters of a message were the same as the second three. Rejewskis method failed when in 1938 the Germans increased the rotors to include two additional ones. It was Alan Turing who developed a sophisticated Bombe that used statistics and the Bayes law for calculating the probability to narrow down on the number of possibilities. The bombe machines were also rapidly updated to test the hypothesis.Figure 7 The British Bombe currently in display at the Bletchley ParkAlan Turings Bombe was composed of drums which together simulated an enigma and each drum replicated the functioning of one rotor of the machine. The objective of the Turings bombe was to find out the key used by the Enigma, the starting position of the rotors and the steckers or plugs. The drums were designed to move from a set starting position every time. The movement was designed with the help of st atistics and the Bayes law, hence the key space was greatly reduced thereby diminution the run time.Alan Turing has been regarded as one of the biggest contributors to defeating the German navy by helping the Allied Forced during the World War II. It is believed that the British employed 200 Bombes during the twinkling World War and collectively these Bombes decoded 4000 messages on any given day. The cryptanalysis of the Enigma is believed to have contributed to saving millions of lives and is identified as a prime conclude why the war ended years before what it couldve lasted.Britains World War II codebreakers were centrally located at Bletchley Park, a code-breaking center run by the United Kingdom Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS). They primarily focused on deciphering German Enigma and Lorenz communications and producing radical intelligence (Hinsley, 1996). radical was the designation for high level encrypted Axis-power intelligence the codebreakers intercepted and d ecrypted (Hinsley, 1993). Ultra-intelligence generated by decrypted Enigma and Lorenz signals is credited with shortening the war, and without it the outcome of the war may have been different (Hinsley, 1996).The Enigma machine was the Germans primary encryption method during the war. Alan Turing, working at Bletchley Park in 1939, created the Bombe, which was an electromechanical machine used to decrypt Enigma ciphers (Smith, 2007). Gordon Welchman refined the Bombe in 1940 with a diagonal board, increasing the Bombes efficiency (Budiansky, 2000). Welchmans diagonal board addressed the plug board vulnerability in the Enigma. The Bombe was based on the Bomba, a Polish machine designed to break Enigma ciphers, which was created by Marian Rejewski (Kozaczuk, 1984). The creation of the functional Bombes led to Allies deciphering of Enigma signals.Beginning in 1940, Germany started developing more ripe machines that used the Lorenz cipher. The first was called the SZ40 machine, which w as codenamed Tunny by the British codebreakers at Bletchley Park, and was followed by subsequent versions (SZ40A, SZ40B, and SZ42 (Copeland, 2006). These machines produced more complex ciphers than the Enigma, and were ultimately defeated by the 1+2 break in method created by Bill Tutte (Copeland, 2006).Multiple advanced decryption machines were designed to combat the Lorenz ciphers. First was the British Tunny Machine, which replicated the functions of the SZ40 machines. With the proper cam settings, it was able to produce clear text from cipher text that was input into it (Hinsley, 1993). Built on the Tunny machines, the Heath Robinson, or Robinsons, were created to automate the 1+2 break in (Copeland, 2006). They ran paper tapes to find the wheel settings of the Lorenz machine. Although they were functional, issues with keeping the paper tapes synchronized and slow processing speed limited their effectiveness (Copeland, 2006).Working on the Robinsons at Bletchley Park, Tommy Flow ers was instrumental in the advancement of the Colossus computer. Colossus was capable of faster processing than the Robinsons due to processing electronically. This also allowed for only one paper tape, which did not have to be synchronized with another and could be run at a faster speed, around 5,000 characters per second (Copeland, 2006).Although the Colossus computer was created first, the American ENIAC was often credited for being the first electronic digital computer ever made. This was caused by Colossus being shrouded in secrecy after World War II. The term computer originally referred to a human operator who performed mathematical computations. As the need for more demanding and complex computations increased, a push for electronic or digital computing began (Copeland, 2006).Computers like Colossus and ENIAC were called schedule-controlled computers, in which programs each computer was to process were not stored in the computers memory they had to be manually programmed. For Colossus and ENIAC, this touch modifying wiring by hand using plugs and switches. Modern computers utilize a stored-program concept, in which the programs a computer runs are stored in that computers memory (Copeland, 2006).The concept of the modern computer started with Alan Turing in 1936. He described a widely distributed computing machine, containing limitless memory that stored both data and programs. A scanner would process the data based on the selected program. The use of any program with the data allowed the computer to process any calculation a human could, making it universal. Being universal allowed the computer to switch from one projection to another, as opposed to a completely different and unique machine needing to be created for each individual task (Copeland, 2006).Turings concept can be seen in modern computing today, where personal computers and mobile devices (smartphones, etcetera) store both data and programs, and can easily switch between different ta sks based on the users needs. Programming to achieve a particular task is relatively simple in comparison installing a program in a modern computer is much less complex compared to rewiring something like the Colossus computer or creating a completely new machine entirely.As discussed, the Germans and Axis powers used Enigma and Lorenz ciphers heavily for their encrypted communications in World War II. The decryption of Enigma and Lorenz was key for the Allies and the development of Ultra intelligence, which likely shortened the war by years.In the end, the need for decrypting Enigma and Lorenz was the initial catalyst the eventually led to modern computing. Colossus, being the first electronic computer, spearheaded the push into the modern stored-program concept that computers and modern devices use today. Without this need for computing power, the world may well have progressed in a much different way.ReferencesBudiansky, S. (2000). Battle of Wits The Complete Story of Codebreaki ng in World War II. Free Press 1734.Cooper, S., Leeuwen, J. (2013). Alan Turing His Work and Impact. Saint Louis, U.S. Elsevier Science.Copeland, B., ed. (2006). Colossus The Secrets of Bletchley Parks Codebreaking Computers. Oxford Oxford University Press.Enigma Machine. (2006). In J. Merriman J. Winter (Eds.), Europe Since 1914 Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction (Vol. 2, pp. 964-966). Detroit Charles Scribners Sons. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRLsw=wu=csuf_mainv=2.1it=rid=GALE%7CCX3447000319sid=exlibrisasid=50a327ace003888aadf98172a87c0eb6Eskicioglu, A., Litwin, L. (2001). Cryptography. IEEE Potentials, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 36-38. doi 10.1109/45.913211Hinsley, F. H. (1993). The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War. Retrieved from https//web.archive.org/web/20120706194507/http//www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/Historical/hinsley.htmlHinsley, F. H. Stripp, A. (1993). Codebreakers The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford Oxford Univer sity Press.Kidwell, P. (2007). Technology and Culture. 48(3), pp. 663-664. Retrieved March 9, 2017, from JSTOR database.Kozaczuk, W. (1984). Enigma How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two. Frederick, MD University Publications of America.Paar, C., Pelzl, J. (2010). Understanding Cryptography. Dordrecht, London, New York Springer-Verlag.Smart, N. (n.d.). Cryptography An entrance. Retrieved from http//www.cryptocellar.org/files/NP_Smart_Cryptography.pdfSmith, M. (2007) 1998. Station X The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park. London Pan McMillan Ltd.The Ohio State University Fisher College of Business. (n.d.). An Introduction to Cryptography. Retrieved from https//fisher.osu.edu/muhanna.1/pdf/crypto.pdfVillanueva, J. (2015). An Introduction to Stream Ciphers and Block Ciphers. Retrieved from http//www.jscape.com/blog/stream-cipher-vs-block-cipherWelchman, G. (2005). The Hut Six Story Breaking the Enigma Codes. Cleobury Mortimer, England MM Baldwin.Zwicke, A. (2003). An Introduction to Modern Cryptosystems. SANS Institute. Retrieved from https//www.giac.org/paper/gsec/2604/introduction-modern-cryptosystems/104482

Indian Tobacco Company Analysis

Indian Tobacco Company AnalysisIndian Tobacco CompanyITC Limited, a Rs. 8000-crore Indian conglomerate, and a commercialize leader in the baccy industry has been strategic solelyy diversifying into other related and unrelated seames since 1970 in the order to reduce its colony on its tobacco business. It has forayed into the argonnas of FMCG (fast moving consumable goods), information technology and agri business to obtain the different revenue streams and also to enhance the brand image. The corporation has been favored in its hotel business cognize as the ITC-Welcome and collaborated with the international groups market its hospitality serve. IT has also packaged foods, branded apparel, greeting cards and stationary, pieceboards, packaging and incense sticks businesses in its portfolio. Through the application of effective diversification of its corporate portfolio, ITC has successfully spread its business and market risks across the whole spectrum of the Indian economy a nd abroad.ITC Group is known as to be one of the most successfully diversified companies, and is also known for its projects on social upliftment like womens empowerment, direct education, and integrated divide development program. It has 15,000 employees in India, 3500 in Europe and 2500 in USA. It was incorporated on 24th august 1910 under the name Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited. As an Indian management team took ownership of the company from its British counterparts in 1974, its name was changed to I.T.C limited.In 1975 ITC entered in HotelsIn 1988 entered in agro business.In 2000 entered in counterfeit Retail shopIn 2000 entered in Software business.In 2001 common base like greeting cards and stationary market.MARTIN-make worries into ash.The new brand of ITC fagNew brands viz., MARTIN is introduced. Long-term agreements were entered into with the unions of factories located at Calcutta, Saharanpur and Munger.ITC CIGARETTE and tobacco is the core business of ITC an d market leader in India with a market shell out of 60% some(prenominal) respect of value and volume. It earns 78% of its total revenues from this business and has a profit margin of 40%. It accounts for two-third of Indias presend annual cigarette sticks market of 90 millions of which 18% is exported in cigarettes in country. The company markets popular cigarette brands are available in the market but some are Wills, insignia, India kings, Classic, sumptuous chip shot, Silk Cut, Navy Cut, Scissors, Capstan, Berkeley, Bristol and Flake etc.The companys focus has been to deliver the highest result quality and value to consumers in the cigarette and tobacco business, which has helped the company prevent its leadership in that industry. To boost the sales growth momentum, it has helped the company maintain its leadership in that industry. To boost the sales growth momentum, it has introduced festival packs of brands like Flake Filter, Bristol Filter, and Scissors Filter in select markets of Kerala.ITC Cigarette is coming with new brand and i.e MARTINThe company had that much of capability to build a leadership position because of its single minded focus on to create the value for the node to make the guest most valuable person in the company by attractive product design, quality, and innovation in the product, production technology, marketing and dispersal in the market.Due to all reason ITC is serving the customers from the considerable period of time. This strategic focus on the consumer has paid ITC fantastic profits.ITCs has international competitiveness is reflected in the overseas markets too. In the extremely competitive US market, ITC offers high-quality, value-priced cigarettes on ready to serve the customers. In West Asia, ITC has become a key player in the GCC markets through increment volumes of its brands.ITCs cigarettes are produced in state those are Bangalore, Munger, Saharanpur and Kolkata. These factories are known for their high a ims of quality, by their technology and work environment. trade Leadership.Powerful brands across whole segment.Consumer acceptable prices.Extensive distribution networkOver 900 wholesale dealers serving more than 1 million retail outlets.World- class state-of-the-art technology and product.Investment Rs.10 billion in sise years.Leaf Tobacco ITC pioneered the cultivation and development of leaf Tobaccos in India. The Leaf Tobacco business partnership with the farmer is almost 100 years old. ITC is the largest buyer, fulfilor and exporter of leaf tobaccos in India- creating a global bench mark for the single largest integrated source of quality tobaccos.CompositionFilter is made of 95 % cellulose acetate.Tipping paper to cover the filter.Rolling paper to cover the tobacco.Tobacco blend.BUSINESS MISSION AND VISIONMission is To enhance the wealth generating capability of the enterprise in a globalizing environment, delivering superior and sustainable stakeholder value.Vision is Sust ain ITCs position as one of Indias most valuable corporations through world class performance, creating growing value for the Indian economy and the Companys stakeholders.ITCs CORE VALUESHonesty towards work.Customer Focus.Respect for People.Excellence in quality and service. design in ideas Product.MARKETING OBJECTIVETo make the world class or world known brand by providing the best quality and satisfy the customer need with delightful feeling. To retain the position as a market leader in marketplace. And make more than 85% revenues of Cigarettes in the year 2010-2011. dress hat in Internal Vitality, market standing, profitability.SITUATION ANALYSISCOMPETITIORSIn India, three major cigarette players dominate the market, primarily ITC with 75% market share, Godfrey Phillips with 14% and VST with 4% share of the market.SEGMENTATION, TARGETTING POSITIONINGAs concern about segmentation, they are segmented according to the needs and taste of the customer. In every business they segmen ted the products with the level of income. Products are available according to their purchasing capacity. Products are available with the lowest price as well as higher price. As in the hotel ITC fork out categories of the hotel rooms.As indicateing is concern ITC targeting the youth mainly with the taste for trendy style and started offering quality they are concern about the quality not quantity. picture CHAN MANAGEMENTThe following components are in supply range of a function management.Production It all about where business focus on how much to produce, where to produce it and what are the suppliers to use.Inventory It all about where the business decides where to store their products, and how much to store.Distribution where the business address questions about how their should be moved and stored.Payments It concern about where business look for the best ways to suppliers and get paid by customers.Manufacturing ProcessCigarette manufacturing process involves processing of t obacco leaf and stem to different tobacco blends, which is cut tobacco.Cut tobacco is then converted to cigarette using other raw materials for making cigarettes and packing them in various forms as per the transaction requirement.ITD receives various grades of Tobacco Leaf and stem from Indian Leaf Tobacco Division (ILTD) based mainly in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.The cut tobacco is then sent to the secondary manufacturing division (SMD) for making and packing cigarettes.At SMD, there are two processes Making and PackingMaking is the process is the rolling of cigarette.Packing process is packing of these cigarette sticks in the cigarette packets of various pack styles.MARKETING STATERGYCORPRATION STATERGY Do the right things to the right place at the right time. Sustain twofold drivers of growth matching internal capabilities with emerging market opportunities. Pursue world class competitiveness in all businesses and across the entire value chain.As we talk about the pricing strategy ITC cigarettes using Pricing penetration because of their high name in the market. Form the starting they taking the high prices. And later getting the relevant profit they low down the prices. But with that the price range is widely varied catering to the low and high-class consumer segment, ITC has made capital investments of Rupees 700 crores in its cigarette business to upgrade and modernize its manufacturing and research and development facilities. Additional rs. 450 crore has been spent towards building a new and state of art manufacturing whole kit and caboodle on Bangalore. The decision to raise prices of some cigarette brands has led to increased sales revenue. The packs are designed in such a way that customer got attracted.Diversification Strategy It has been observed that ITCs opt the diversified strategy have been heraldic bearingfully implemented in order to optimize the synergies obtained through both backward and vertical integration of its business. The company had felt need to diversify from the early 1970 and had started the process by entering into the business that provided a good recurrence on investment and a potential for future expansion. In March 2005, ITC stands as a multi-business enterprise, with an impressive market share in almost all the FMCG segment, Hotels, Paperboard and agri-Business sectors. It has successfully crafted a strategy of value addition by entering into related segments, which adds to the competencies and resources of the company. ITC also come with up the diversified brands of cigarette too. ITC obtain the diversified strategy by the deep understanding of the markets and consumer tastes.ITC cigarettes come up with the differentiated strategy because they come up with differentiated brands.MARKETING MIXmerchandising mix is apply in business to gain the reaction it is seeking from its targeting market in relation to its marketing objectives. Marketing mix is including the 7Ps Price, Product, Promotion, Pl ace, People, Process, and Physical environsTraditional approach is 4 ps and from the following ps people is very important in the market. Because in marketing we number one identify the demand of people then try to satisfy them with their goods and services.PRODUCT Methods used to improve/differentiate the product and increase sales or target sales more effectively to gain a competitive advantage e.g. Extension strategies.PRICE Pricing strategy using by ITC is penetration strategy. As ITC also take care of price according to the income of the people. Its also important to know about the market condition of their product.PROMOTION/ADVERTISMENT Advertisement and promotion is used to make aware and increase the sales of the product respectively through print media, on internet etc. It help to make aware of the introduction of a product.PLACE Place is where the customer get the product and the services from the producer. Selection of the place is depend on the market research what th e demand of the customer, contest in market and geographical condition is also matter. And in which place consumer is easy to buy the product.Positioning of ITC Cigarettes in the marketBCG Matrix In this capital of Massachusetts consultant group it tells about the market share and growth of the product. In this we take four i.e. stars, dogs, question mark, and cash cow. Cash cow is when market share and growth is on the top. And dogs show both are lessSTARSAgri BusinessPaperboardsHotelsQUESTION MARKFMCG- OtherCASH COWSFMCG CigarettesDOGSITC InfotechIn product tone cycle ITC cigarettes is in the maturity stage of existing brands of cigarettes.SWOT ANALYSISSWOT is mainly told about the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats evoke face by the company. It also helps to shout the future of the company. Whereas strength and weakness are controllable and opportunities and threats are uncontrollable in nature.ITC is one of Indias biggest and well known private sector companies. In fact it is one of the Worlds most high profile consumer operations. It is business and brands are focused almost entirely on the Indian markets, and despite being most well-known for its tobacco brands such as navy cut, silk cut, the business is now diversifying into new FMCG brands in a number of market sectors.(S)TRENGTHSMarket leadership is the one of the biggest strength of the company.ITC leveraged it traditional businesses to develop new brands for new segments. For e.g. ITC used its experience of transporting and distributing tobacco products to remote and distant parts of India to the advantages of its FMCG products. ITC master chefs from its hotel chain are often asked to develop new food concepts for its FMCG business.ITC is a diversified business is also strength of the ITC itself. Its CSR, social responsibilities like women empowerment, water shed development, primary education also the strengths for ITC.Six Sigma based product development process.Provide the best c lass products in quality and quantity.E-chopal is biggest strength for ITC.(W)EAKNESSESThe companys true business was traded in tobacco. ITC business i.e. now so involved in branding continues t use its original name, despite the negative connection of tobacco with poor health and premature death.Even today, ITC depend on the tobacco business revenues. Cigarettes account for 49% of companys turnover and responsible for 82% of revenues. One single brand Gold Flake is gaining 72% of tobacco market.(O)PPORTUNITIESFMCG product like Aashirvaad, Bingo, and Sun feast has the increasing growth in the market. This can be good opportunities for the future of ITC.ITC is moving into new and emerging sectors including IT with supporting business solutions.E-Choupal, the unique web based initiatives of ITCs International business division, products and services they need to enhance farm productivity, improve farm-gate price realization and cut transaction costs. Farmers can access latest local a nd global information on weather, scientific farming practices as well as market prices at the village itself through this web portal in hindi.It is the biggest opportunities for ITC.Per capita consumption of personal care products in India is the lowest in the world offering an opportunity for ITCs soaps, shampoos and fragrances under their Wills brand.(T)HREATSFirstly threat is the competition in domestic as well as international market. Dynamic nature of government policies like sudden banned on the advertisement of the cigarette cigarette is main source for ITC, for revenue and if they are banned by the government law then it will put the very bad impact on the ITC Company. So dynamic government policies is also a biggest threat for the ITC. Basic threat is geographical conditions. Highly dependency on tobacco business can be the threat for ITC.Future expectationCompany stands to gain between Rs. 5 billion and 5.5 billion in the form of future earnings.ITC is focused on acquiri ng leadership in IT areas of product life cycle management(PLM), Hospitality, Customer relation management(CRM), manufacturing services.Rural sector development has been high on priority with regard to its future projects.The company is focusing on moving ahead with e-Choupal.

Reconfiguration of 11KV Feeder

Reconfiguration of 11KV FeederIntroductionCE 2.1I did this project as a graduate Electrical engine room spot pursuing my Bachelor of Engineering in the field of Electrical Engineering from Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology, Balochistan. I valued to conduct a project that would be repugn and would involve how to improve the existing power grid by helping the current or load at a given time. I wanted to create a system by improving the power factor or changing the conductor size or substituting the c commensurates with conductors. I was able to improve my written and oral presentation skills as well as my interpersonal skills by the successful completion of this project.BackgroundCE 2.2For this project as an undergraduate student in electrical engineering, I wanted to start working on a project that would be ch every last(predicate)enging. I wanted to take about the different and commonly used electrical/electronic comp singlents, the working mechanism and the i mplementation in a common every-day system. Feeder configuration is a very important step to enhance the quality and reliability of a distribution system. During my studies, I had learned that tradition wholey, in Pakistan, the feeder configuration is done by opening/closing or tie sectionalizing the switches in order to alter network map and thus the flow of power from substation to customers.I had studied during my bachelors that the suit Feeder configuration is done is to reduce system power loss and also for load balancing. As the loading conditions change, it is important to reconfigure it to reduce power losses in the network. And it is due to this reason that I selected the Reconfiguration of 11KV Feeder for my project.CE 2.3The objective of my project is to design a system to reconfigure the network for loss reduction for 11KV feeder. Or the reconfiguration of the distribution network under normal operation to reduce active losses and to balance loads in the system.CE 2 .4CE 2.5I premier had to conduct a detailed literature re enamor to find the best applicable approach to this system for reconfiguration.I decided to use Branch switch over and Loop cutting modes along with a theoretical Heurestic approach to achieve my objectives.I used the computing machine software for ELR to analyse the feeder and to calculate the results.I initially, used an existing configuration based on actual data to calculate the current Energy Loss Reduction (ELR)I then tabulated all the results and obtained a schematic plot to show my results.I stainless the project within the time frame specified by the university.I presented my findings to my supervisor.Personal Engineering ActivityCE 2.6I approached a senior professor with an idea of conducting a project about the power grid. Along with my group members, I had a lot of brainstorming sessions and review meetings with my project supervisor to select a suitable topic. I suggested that I work on a project that was touch with restructuring the power grid to minimize distribution losses and we suggested that we select a suitable location for this project to be carried out and thus the topic Reconfiguration of 11KV feeder came in to being and the supervisor agreed to this and asked us to begin working on this by first conducting a literature review on all the components we would require and the working of this project and to start working on this project.CE 2.7I decided to select a Surab Town feeder of 11KV which starts from the 132KV Pakistan Railway power grid Station. I imbed that this grid has two transformers connected in parallel having a capacity of 10/13MVA each and 132/11KV. This particular feeder provided power of mingled loads to residential, commercial, agricultural and gas power plants. I carried out the Physical Survey of the existing 11KV Surab Town Feeder and plotted a Single bill diagram of existing Surab town feeder.I calculated the energy losses and voltage drop of existin g distribution system keeping in view the QESCO requirements. The length of feeder is 42.62km with annual energy loss 457898.1kWH and maximum percentage voltage drop is 6.5%, which is beyond the specified limit of QESCO i.e. 5.0% and is not acceptable as shown in the table below.MonthMax Hour KWH Reading in Year-3(KWH)Units Sent in Year-3(KWH)Units Sold in Year-3(KWH)LossesKWH%January092010809225741954326102074693358047.8February18091231811499150411078580471949047.8March2577218258050212333981324005-90607-7.3April294492029467031695002147217522391113.2May4197868419950717582561693000652563.7June4483081448573214728681392621848925.8July566301056652171452128114685230327621.0 imposing617953261743791272432126351389190.7September7216276150163641451072761291387.9October17472581724962070467165403941805720.2November4868322487322727040091584898111911141.4December604627060278030862861626763145952347.3I used the following simple algorithm for the algorithmStart with an existing configuration.Read Input data..Run ELR course of instruction..Display results..Compare KWH losses,If KWH loss CE 2.8My screen out system is a high loss, problematic distribution feeder of QESCO. In first, the existing Grid and feeder data are collected from Surab grid station. The data made run in ELR Software, which results high losses due to overloads. As the ampere load accedes then 300 amp on main frank conductor , To overcome these overloads we recon figurate the feeder by using three different methods i.e. Branch Exchange Method, Loop Cutting Method and then we applied bifurcation method to isolate the existing feeder into two parts.I collected data from the Head office QESCO in Quetta, Pakistan and found that the monthly Peak Load is between 600-700 Amps and the off peak load between 5-90 Amps with the lowest being in November.I conducted a Load flow analysis was done using ELR course with the following input Parameters at 5% annual Load growth rateLoad in Amp.=395 Amp 5% for 5 years slew potency=11KVFeeder load factor=6.29%Existing power factor=0.78%Proposed power factor=0.79%Capacitor installed=2Nos.I proposed the following one line diagram of QESCO feeder as prepared on the basis of field visits is shown below in figure. This figure clearly shows the difference between actual and proposed configuration of the feeder. In this figure 154 node are shifted. Also the route of power flow has been changed there by feeding all the consumers.This configuration has reduced the line losses too as evident from the load flow analysis. The details are feeder given below. mightiness T/F Feeder code 020201Power T/F capacity 10/13 MVA sum up of node 92Number of transformers 66Number dog conductor 18Number rabbit conductor 73Total length of line 18.42 KMTotal KVAS 5350 KVAI also proposed and conducted a Load flow analysis using ELR Program with the following input Parameters at 5% annual Load growth rate.Load in Amp= emailprotected%for 5 yearsBus Voltage = 11KVFeeder load factor = 6.29%Existing power factor = 0.78%Proposed power factor = 0.95% (Improved Due to capacitor Placement)CE 2.9I conducted this project successfully and found that the ELR program could be used sappropriately and properly to find the optimal configuration of 11KV feeder, demonstrating the feasibility of such an approach for the solution of this problem.However, refinements to the algorithm may be undeniable in order to achieve satisfactory performance on large, real-world systems consisting of thousands of buses.The following were my resultsLosses (KWH) minimized from 457898 to 332944Voltage drop improved from 6.5% to 4.4%Power Factor approach from 0.78% to 0.95% (Result of proposed configuration)B/C Ratio is 24.25CE 2.10My contribution during this project wasGathering Exact Grid data on realistic approaches.Gathering feeder data, one line diagram preparation physically through field visits.Exact measures and distances of node-to-node and exact electrical parameters informations. Ke eping in view different constraints, like Cost, Obstacles, Load. Losses, environmental / social constraints, Betterment of WAPDA as well as general public.Re-notification of existing configuration and finding the optimal configuration by repetition the results obtained after movement of ELR Program.Removing haphazard road crossings and reduction the length of feeder.Load Balancing.Placement of Capacitor at best locations for obtaining best results.SummaryCE 2.9I successfully completed the project titled Reconfiguration of a 11KV Feeder along with my team members. I learned how to reconfigure a 11KV feeder and about the different approaches by execution of the ELR program I learned how to gather Grid data for realistic approaches to improve loading.By the successful completion of this project, I was able to improve my written, oral and interpersonal skills. I was also able to improve my team work.The main objective of this research is to develop methodology and guide lines for dist ribution engineers to show that by reducing the energy losses of distribution system, available capacity of the system may be conserved without putting up additional capacity. A generalized computer program is used to evaluate any given HT/LT system and propose capacitor banks at different points, different conductor sizes in different portions of system. This results in improving the stability as well as energy handling capacity of the system at minimum cost.

Rama Essay -- essays research papers

Out of all the characters mentioned in Hindu mythology, the character of Rama is one of the most famous ones. It would probably be a fractious task to find a Hindu who is not familiar with this hero or his exploits. He is the main protagonist of the Ramayana, still considered to be one of the superior Indian epics of all times. Till date his story is taught in schools in India in the form of history and to instill morality in children. Standards set by him, though hard to attain, are ones that are laid out for men in the community to follow. There is no question amongst the minds of people today that he is divine. What is it about Rama that caused him to reach the status that he holds today? Most of what we know about Rama comes from the Ramayana. Though numerous Ramayanas have been written, scholars agree that the earliest version seems to be that written by Valmiki. It is quite likely that Valmikis Ramayana underwent changes and was reconstructed at a particular time or has had alterations made at different times. several(prenominal) portions of the original poem were removed and various new ones added. Scholars find it hard to determine which bits were part of the original and which ones are additions to it. These changes certainly brought about interesting consequences. The dress that the heroic Rama holds within Pan-Indian tradition has gone through many paradigmatic structures as a result. The changing Ramayanas and notions of Rama reflect a changing cultural physique amongst...

Defining Grace :: Definition Grace Essays

Defining Grace The Dictionary of the Accademia della Crusca, dating from 16th century Italy, defines grace as belleza... che rapisce altrui ad amore. Grace is beauty which seduces one unto love. Grace is the collection before nourishment, it is the passing of power through blood, it is a classical muse, it is a verb, it is liberation, it is a head-ransom, it is a gazelle, it is simplicity, it is complexity, it is sanctifying, it is controversial, it is desired, it is metrical, it is ubiquitous, it is rare, it is actual. Grace is in all, yet beyond all, quotes a gallant anchoress. According to Castiglione, grace springs from that virtue opposite to affectation, as an unconscious extension of a certain je ne sais quoi within the soul. Grace is the nature of language, of number, of beat, of silence. Grace is pervasively elusive. Grace is fueled by its own roots in the Greek charis, with its shadows of liberality and courtesy forwarded to Latin rhetoric, as the tripartite gratia, functioning as attractiveness, favour, and gratitude. The contrive flushed the face of Europe in its own blushing migration from tongue to tongue, from Italian gratia to Portuguese graa to Spanish gracia to French grce. Gliding from thought to save to heritage, grace seeped over the Channel into Chaucers fathers smalltalk and a pair of listening ears waxed attentive. The patients of his Doctors Tale questioned, Goode fader shal I dye? Is ther no grace? is ther no remedye? Grace is the rend of change through the fabric of time, loosing the weave to weft in bright, unwashed strands of witty innovation. Is not great grace to helpe him over past, Or free his feet that in the myre sticke fast? beats the iambic pentameter of the Spenserian stanza in the Faerie Queene. Is it not grace that proved the continuance of its own existence, a linguistic parallel intertwining with the branches of biologic generations to prepare the graciousness of freedom in both the fruits of the opposable th umb and the serpents apple? A rugged, mottled bark of genealogy stretches gracefully into the blue sky of infinity. Grace, the accede of the future, the gift of tomorrow, the cornerstone of the past, vaults us forward into the lives of our progeny and the evolution of our species. Born from the randomly graced confluence of organic chemicals in small pockets of lipid bilayers, life sparked and sputtered.